Emily Bobrow looked at parental preferences for gender:

• Couples are more likely to stay together if their child is a son rather than a daughter.
• This seems to primarily be because fathers have a preference for sons over daughters. Mothers are mostly ambivalent between genders.
• One reason for this preference seems to be that fathers struggle to form a connection with their child. Babies literally rely on their mother’s body to live, while father’s have to create a role for themselves.
• In that context it’s easier for the role to model what it means to be a man, and shape the child as such.
• Men also seem to struggle to make friendships in adulthood. A son can fulfil the desire for an emotional connection with another male.
• All of this may also explain why the fathers of sons seem to work harder, bring in more money, and spend more money.
• Interestingly households with male children also spend more money on “women’s goods” like jewelry – indicating that mothers benefit too.
• But a son can also mean that unhealthy relationships persist. Women are less likely to leave their husbands if they have a son – believing that sons need fathers.
• In contrast, with daughters, they feel that it’s important the daughter have a good role model for what a man should be like – making women more likely to leave an abusive husband.

Read more here.

Source: 1843

In a quest for revenues, US airliners have taken steps that make it difficult for parents to sit next to their children writes Scott McCartney:

• Many seats in an airplane cabin are now given a designation such as “extra legroom” which requires a charge to reserve.
• It vastly limits the number of open seats on an airplane at the cheapest fare.
• This means that families are finding it increasingly difficult to travel together.
• The American government is trying to change this. The upper house passed a unanimous provision to require that children be seated next to their parents. However it’s unclear if the lower house will allow it to go through.
• Other airlines are taking their own steps to assuage the problem. United Airlines is allowing people with young children to board the plane early once again, giving them first dibs on seating.

Read more here.

Source: The Wall Street Journal

Via: Gizmodo

You may not always be eating what you think you’re eating. Natalie Whittle wrote about food fraud and how things came to be this way:

• The story of a fish “freshly caught off the coast of Scotland” illustrates why food fraud is so difficult to catch. The fish is captured by a Russian ship, sent to China to be fileted, then sent to Korea to be stored, and sold on to other intermediaries from there.
• Organized crime has been getting into this business because it’s so easy to infiltrate and because it requires things that they normally have – like haulage, storage, and money laundering capabilities.
• It’s innocuous items that are targets for fraud. The apple juice you’re drinking may not be what you think it is. Margins may be low but a lot more apple juice is drunk than champagne.
• Similarly testing indicates that 25% of dried oregano is cut with things like olives, and hazelnut leaves.
• The industry is hitting back. A lab in Belfast uses a £500,000 machine that has been repurposed to detect chemical traces of foreign food instead of cancer.

Read more here.

Source: Financial Times

Via: Marginal Revolution

Scott Wilson wrote about a charming initiative:

• A lack of organ donors is a problem around the world.
• To instill in young children early the benefits of organ donation, one organization, Second Life Toys, is taking broken toys from children and fixing them with an organ transplant from donated old toys.
• Those who donate their old toys will receive a letter once their toy has been recycled to fix another child’s toy.
• In the example above a squirrel’s tail has been used to heal an elephant’s broken trunk.

See other examples here.

Source: Rocket News 24

Via: Mental Floss

The Economist took a look at how votes at the UN can be converted into cold hard currency:

• One analysis indicated that African countries that vote along with China at the UN see a boost in the amount of aid that they receive from the Middle Kingdom.
• Every 10% increase in the amount of votes alongside China’s, leads approximately to an 86% boost in aid.
• If Rwanda, for example, were to increase the number of votes it cast with China from 67% to 93% it could, perhaps, see a 289% boost in Chinese cash.
• The practice isn’t limited to China. The United States also awards more aid projects to countries that vote along with it.
• However, America’s record is more mixed. It, for example, provides billions to Afghanistan, but Afghanistan enjoys voting contrary to American preferences.
• What seems wasteful is that diplomats from several countries – such as Burundi and Swaziland – don’t show up for a large proportion of the most important votes. They may be leaving money on the table.

Read more here.

Source: The Economist

Rae Votta spoke to Hogwarts employees…more specifically employees of the Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Universal Studios Hollywood – a theme park:

• Before being hired park attendants are asked basic trivia questions such as the four Harry Potter houses.
• If they pass the initial screening they get put into a week of intensive classroom training where they learn the ins and outs of Harry Potter trivia, since engaged fans are going to expect them to know it all.
• All attendants have to play characters but for the most part they’re all non-Hogwarts students. They want park guests to feel special and unique about being the ones who get to go to Hogwarts.
• Attendants also aren’t allowed to claim that they know any of the main characters personally. They are, after all, not part of the story.
• And if someone asks about Voldemort? Attendants must look terrified and refer to him as “You Know Who”.
• The theme park itself is set in between the third and fourth books – there are posters about Sirius black escaping and the upcoming Triwizard tournament.
• It is also perpetually winter, which explains why visitors are unlikely to bump into even side characters like Cedric or Cho Chang, who are presumably at home for the holidays.

Read more about what it’s like to work at the park over here.

Source: Mel Magazine

You get sent to solitary confinement you have to wile your days away alone. Or so you’d think. The reality is much worse, wrote Christie Thompson and Joe Shapiro:

• 80% of federal prisoners in solitary confinement have a cell-mate.
• This is largely because of prison over-crowding requiring wardens to get creative.
• This sounds great – human contact – but in reality the cells built for solitary can really only fit one person. In many if two people are in the cell then only one person has room to stand.
• Since you’re in solitary you also then spend every minute of every day in the presence of this person whose every breath you can hear.
• As the cells were desined for individual prisoners there’s no way to tell a prison guard if your cell-mate is attacking you.
• And that happens surprisingly often. If you’re in solitary confinement, then your moral compass is already probably a little off. And if you’re tired of your roommate you can get rid of them by killing them.
• Given the number of prisoners serving out life sentences it’s not like there’s too much of a consequence – beyond being deemed mentally unfit and getting your own cell.

Read the stories of prisoners who were killed by their “solitary” cellmates, the effects it had on their families, and see photos here.

Source: The Marshall Project

Via: Marginal Revolution

Matthew Gault wrote about a video game inspired by the marine corps, which went onto provide training for the marine corps:

• In the 90s the corps were facing a bit of a budget shortfall and weren’t sure they could afford all the training exercises they deemed necessary.
• Two exceptionally lucky employees were then asked to play video games as their job, to find one that could perhaps supplement training.
• The two (presumably after repeated missed deadlines and requests for just one more turn) settled upon Doom – the game is about marines fighting off evil and it had multiplayer options.
• The game was heavily modded – the demon enemies were replaced with models that America was more likely to face on the battlefield. The weapons were made to look more similar to standard issue marine corps ones.
• It was, of course, a game, and it couldn’t take the place of real training. But it encouraged recruits to practice teamwork and fast thinking skills.

Read more about the history of the game, and find out how you can play it over here.

Source: War is Boring

Mike Ryan interviewed Shane Black, the director of Iron Man 3:

• In the original script for Iron Man 3 the main villain of the movie had been female.
• However, the head of Marvel forced the writers to make them male because they were afraid that a female action figure wouldn’t sell as well.
• Concerns that people don’t buy action figures of females is also why Black Widow doesn’t really have her own action figure, and why comic cartoons usually have a very specific type of humour.
• There is hope. The head of Marvel Studios who made the “no main female villain” decision has since left the company and been replaced.

Read the full interview that’s focused on Black’s latest cinematic project, The Nice Guys, here.

Source: Uproxx

The Amish are a group of traditionalists that avoid modern technology, and end their formal education after the eighth grade. They’re also business geniuses, writes Tim Stuhldreher:

• More than 65% of American businesses fail, but less than 10% of Amish ones do.
• Contrary to their reputation as an insular community, these businesses cater to mainstream consumers and have wide appeal.
• The lack of formal education seems to help. The brightest students don’t go on to study to be lawyers, doctors, or accountants. Instead they can really only either farm or start a small business – and many opt for the latter.
• Given that the Amish are disdainful of technology like air conditioning or decadent offices, their companies have low operating costs.
• In fact avoiding technology in general forces the community to be inventive and creative in everyday living.
• It is also easier to build a shared vision. Businesses know that their employees will share values and cultures, allowing for lower friction work environments.

Read some of the other factors that lead to their success over here.

Source: Lancaster Online

Via: Marginal Revolution